Shiv Kumar Singh, Atul Varshney, Tanuj Garg, Nurhayati Nurhayati, A.J.A. Al-Gburi
This work presents a triangular-notched wideband antenna for wearable wireless body area networks (WBAN) and Global Positioning System (GPS) applications. The compact antenna (0.487λ0× 0.581λ0) is fabricated on a low-cost jeans substrate and features a broad rectangular slot for improved gain and compressed reduced ground for a wide operating bandwidth (1.47–2.68 GHz). The triangular notches in the patch increase the electrical length of the patch and the resulting fundamental mode TM10(1.51 GHz), and control impedance matching. The antenna achieves bidirectional radiation patterns a 6.20 dBi peak gain, and 98% efficiency. When a large slot (Lslot×Wslot) is cut in a patch, it interrupts the standard TM current distribution and creates its resonance at 2.51 GHz, which overlaps the higher order mode of the patch (slot resonance mode TM02) and resulting in a “wideband effect” (1.47–2.68 GHz bandwidth). The antenna bending exhibited stable S11 and gains. The human body phantom results ON-body and OFF-body Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values of 1.24 W/kg (wrist) and 1.06 W/kg (chest) at 100 mW input power, within IEEE/IEC limits of 2 W/kg for 10 g tissue. The performance parameters were validated using SMA 1075X and an anechoic chamber. Therefore, the proposed antenna is the most suitable for rescue operations in hilly and underwater areas with Wi-Fi 4 (IEEE 802.11 n standard), WBAN, Bluetooth (IEEE 802.11FH), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16d: 2.3 GHz), and GPS(1.57 GHz) applications. The electrical equivalent circuit modelling (ECM) of the antenna is examined and verified using Advanced Design Software (ADS) to understand the circuital behavior of the antenna. © 2026 Elsevier GmbH.
ECE Department, FET, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Uttarakhand, Haridwar, 249404, India; ECE Department, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Uttarakhand, Dehradun, 248002, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, 60231, Indonesia; Strategic Research Institute (SRI), Asia Pacific University, Jalan Teknologi 5, Taman Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
