Nurhayati Nurhayati, Akbar Izulhaq, Usman Rizqi Iman, Atul Varshney, Sayyidul A. Alamsyah, Usman Ali, Ahmed J.A. Al-Gburi
Flexible and transparent antennas are essential infrastructure components in Internet of Things (IoT) systems, particularly for smart farming applications that require wireless communication over uneven surfaces. This study presents an innovative design and simulation of a transparent, flexible monopole antenna utilizing a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, operating at 2.4 GHz for smart agriculture WiFi applications. Three antenna models were designed to investigate the effects of structural modifications on performance. Antenna results triple resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz, 4.5 GHz and 6.8 GHz. Simulation results reveal that the optimal design operates at 2.47 GHz, with a return loss of −14.69 dB. Antenna has maximum directivity of 3.6 dBi. Bending tests at 30∘, 60∘, and 90∘ demonstrate that the antenna remains stable despite slight frequency shifts. The measured results shows that the antenna has in good agreement with the simulation result. The transparent PDMS substrate not only offers excellent flexibility but also provides environmental protection, making the antenna ideal for modern communication technologies within IoT applications, such as soil moisture monitoring in agriculture. © 2026 The Author(s).
Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, 60231, Indonesia; Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; ECE Department, FET, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Uttarakhand, Haridwar, 249404, India; Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan; Strategic Research Institute (SRI), Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation (APU), Kualalumpur, 76100, Malaysia
