Fitriari Izzatunnisa Muhaimin, Erlix Rakhmad Purnama, Farah Aisyah Nafidiastri, Nanda Revita Dwi Lestari, Hanifiya Samha Wardhani, Giyanita Rahma Ayu Pramesti, Andika Pramudya Wardana, Amalia Putri Purnamasari, Sari Edi Cahyaningrum
Diabetic foot ulcerations (DFUs) are chronic, non-healing wounds that arise as a complex complication of diabetes mellitus, often leading to severe infec-tion, tissue necrosis, and amputation in 60% of cases. The progression of DFUs is frequently exacerbated by bacterial colonization and proliferation, particularly by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, within the infected tissue. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine due to its well-documented antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal activities. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of a nanosilver–cinnamon oil gel formulation for ulcer treatment through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. In vitro analyses revealed that higher concentrations of cinnamon oil demonstrated greater inhibitory effects against both S. aureus and E. coli than formulations containing equal ratios of nanosilver and cinnamon oil. In vivo assessments further indicated that increased cinnamon oil concentrations enhanced wound closure rates. Addi-tionally, in silico molecular docking predicted that cinnamaldehyde, the prin-cipal constituent of cinnamon oil, could interact with caspase-8, a key regula-tor in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. Collectively, these findings underscore the therapeutic potential of cinnamon oil as an adjunctive agent in managing diabetic foot ulcers. © 2026 by SPC (Sami Publishing Company), Asian Journal of Green Chemis-try, Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Kampus Unesa 1 Ketin-tang, East Java, Surabaya, 60231, Indonesia; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Nanizar Zaman Joenoes Building, Campus C, Jl Mulyorejo, East Java, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Central Java, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Kampus Unesa 1 Ketin-tang, East Java, Surabaya, 60231, Indonesia
