Iyon Titok Sugiarto, Lenny Intan Martila, Suryadi, Nursidik Yulianto, Isnaeni, Fredina Destyorini, Angga Hermawan, Prabowo Puranto, Achmad Subhan, Yuliati Herbani
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a promising route for scalable graphene fabrication; however, most reported studies rely on infrared laser sources, limiting the accessibility and cost efficiency. This study demonstrates the fabrication of laser-induced graphene on polyimide substrates using a compact continuous 450 nm blue diode laser, a visible-wavelength source that remains largely unexplored for LIG synthesis. By systematically varying laser current, scan speed, and focal position, a reproducible processing window is established, enabling controlled graphitization while preserving substrate integrity. Morphological, structural, and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the successful conversion of polyimide into porous graphene with high carbon content and tunable electrical conductivity. Raman spectroscopy revealed characteristic D, G, and 2D bands, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis further verifies the crystalline features of the LIG. Sheet resistance measurements showed optimal electrical performance within a moderate laser current regime. The resulting LIG was further evaluated as a binder-free supercapacitor electrode, demonstrating promising electrochemical performance. These results highlight the potential of visible-wavelength diode lasers as an economical and scalable alternative for LIG fabrication, expanding the accessible laser parameter space for graphene-based flexible electronic and sensor applications. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026.
Research Center for Photonics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, Banten, South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, State University of Surabaya, Ketintang, East Java, Surabaya, 60231, Indonesia; Research Center for Nanotechnology System, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, Banten, South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia; Research Center for Composites and Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia; Research Center for Energy Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, Banten, South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia
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