Endarto Yudo Wardhono, Mekro Permana Pinem, Indar Kustiningsih, Mohammad Effendy, Danièle Clausse, Khashayar Saleh, Erwann Guénin
Low-frequency ultrasonic irradiation was employed as a low cost technique for chitin's deacetylation at a relatively low-temperature range (below 70 °C) and a short reaction times (up to 120 min). Eley–Rideal mechanism and the power-law model were carried out to describe the mechanism of the reaction. The results indicated that the produced chitosan deacetylation degree (DD) was up to 87.73% under the optimum conditions compared to 66.82% using the conventional one (thermo-alkaline process). The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) observations of the produced chitosan presented the same fingerprint as the commercial chitosan, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies show that the DD induced a lousy impact on the chitosan's thermal degradation and crystallinity index. This work effectively demonstrates that chitin's deacetylation under low-frequency ultrasonic irradiation provides a green process to produce chitosan, and the power-law model, rDD = k1(CR1−NH2)α; k1=Aexp[Formula presented], is an excellent model to describe the complex reaction. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
Chemical Engineering Department, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Jl. Jendral Sudirman Km 3, Cilegon, 42435, Indonesia; Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia; Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter Laboratory, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, rue du Dr Schweitzer, Compiègne, 60200, France
