Lusia Rakhmawati, Hapsari Peni Agustin Tjahyaningtijas, Wiryanto Wiryanto, Wiyli Yustanti
Due to extensive Internet usage, digital media can be quickly altered, copied, and distributed via information networks. As a result, digital information's illicit reproduction became a serious issue. As a means of copyright protection for digital media, digital watermarking has been demonstrated to be effective. Based on a discrete cosine transform (DCT), an improved robust watermarking technique considering image characteristics, a 1-D linear transformation, and an optimal embeddable AC coefficient is proposed in this paper. The host image is first divided into 8 x 8 non-overlapping block and block selection for DCT transformation is performed. The variance in each block is used to identify the embedding watermark location. A linear map is used to scramble the watermark image, which is embedded into the AC coefficients which has a maximum difference between embeddable and non-embeddable non-zero AC coefficients. Experiment results show that the suggested approach can withstand a range of a nonmalicious attack with very satisfactory results for BER close to 0, and NC near to 1. © 2023, International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems. All Rights Reserved.
Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Informatics, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia; Graduate Program of Basic Education, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
