Riki Nasrullah, Kisyani, Fafi Inayatillah, Abdul Aziz Khoiri, Hishamudin Isam
Urban life is challenging, with competing identities, feelings, and social ties in multilingual urban communities. The study aims to investigate the effects of inclusive versus exclusive language on feelings of belonging and social anxiety, and the role of linguistic identity in mediating these associations. 120 young urban Indonesian participants were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three conditions manipulating narratives and audiovisual stimuli with linguistic forms (inclusive, exclusive, neutral). Measures included the Sense of Belonging Instrument, the Language Identity Scale, and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Analysis revealed a significant increase in sense of belonging (F (2,117) = 718.735, p < 0.001) and a strong decrease in social anxiety (Welch ANOVA = 4088.34, p < 0.001) with exposure to inclusive language. A strong negative correlation was found between linguistic identity and social anxiety (r = -0.966, p < 0.001). These findings support the idea that language is more than just a communication tool, but rather a powerful mechanism for shaping social attachment. These findings provide avenues for the practical application of affirmative linguistic interventions in settings such as education, mental health, and diversity management, as well as broadening theoretical insights into the fields of affective psycholinguistics and social identity. ©The Author(s) 2026.
Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Surabaya, Indonesia; Center for The Study of Language, Tamadun, and Philosophy, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
