Dina Kartika Maharani, Yuly Kusumawati, Widiya Nur Safitri, Reva Edra Nugraha, Holilah Holilah, Novia Amalia Sholeha, Aishah Abdul Jalil, Hasliza Bahruji, Didik Prasetyoko
Optimization of hierarchical ZSM-5 structure by variation of the first hydrothermal step at different times provides insight into the evolution of micro/mesopores and its effect as a catalyst for deoxygenation reaction. The degree of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) incorporation as an MFI structure directing agent and N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a mesoporogen was monitored to understand the effect towards pore formation. Amorphous aluminosilicate without the framework-bound TPAOH achieved within 1.5 h of hydrothermal treatment provides flexibility to incorporate CTAB for forming well-defined mesoporous structures. Further incorporation of TPAOH within the restrained ZSM-5 framework reduces the flexibility of aluminosilicate gel to interact with CTAB to form mesopores. The optimized hierarchical ZSM-5 was obtained by allowing hydrothermal condensation at 3 h, in which the synergy between the readily formed ZSM-5 crystallites and the amorphous aluminosilicate generates the proximity between micropores and mesopores. A high acidity and micro/mesoporous synergy obtained after 3 h exhibit 71.6% diesel hydrocarbon selectivity because of the improved diffusion of reactant within the hierarchical structures. © 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Keputih Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Ketintang, East Java, Surabaya, 60211, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, East Java, Surabaya, 60294, Indonesia; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Indonesia; Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia; College of Vocational Studies, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Jalan Kumbang No. 14, Bogor, 16151, Indonesia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Material and Energy Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, BE, Bandar Seri Begawan, 1410, Brunei Darussalam
