Dina Kartika Maharani, Riki Subagyo, Stella Jovita, Khawiyatur Rivah Agustina, Hasliza Bahruji, Reva Edra Nugraha, Nurul Asikin Mijan, Aishah Abdul Jalil, Didik Prasetyoko, Yuly Kusumawati
The porosity and acidic properties of ZSM-5 are crucial factors for its ability to catalyze reactions with large molecules, such as Reutealis trisperma oil (RTO). In this work, the textural properties of ZSM-5 were rationally designed by controlling the crystallisation time during synthesis, while the acid content of ZSM-5 was increased by incorporating nickel (Ni) species on the surface of ZSM-5. All the samples exhibited microporous and mesoporous features with many Lewis acid sites. These properties increase the catalytic activity of the conversion of RTO into biofuel. The high composition of micromesoporous and Lewis acid sites in NiZ1 and NiZ1.5 promoted the generation of heavy oil. NiZ3, which has moderate micromesoporous and Lewis acid sites, facilitates the production of diesel hydrocarbons. The low micromesoporous feature and few acid sites in NiZ9 make gasoline hydrocarbons production more feasible. This finding provided the regulation of acid site number and micromesoporous features to facilitate the conversion of RTO into green diesel. © 2026, Walailak University. All rights reserved.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, East Java, 60211, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, East Java, 60111, Indonesia; Centre for Advanced Material and Energy Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, East Java, 60294, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, 81310, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, 81310, Malaysia
