Kamran Mehdi, Aleesha Aleesha, Naseer Ahmed, Saqib Khan, Kamil Ahmad, Safdar Ali, Muhammad Ikhlas Abdjan
The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has gained significant attention because of their increasing applications in various fields. In this study, metallic NPs were synthesized using Bryophyllum calycinum. The NP synthesis was confirmed using UV spectroscopy and characterized using FTIR and SEM. Stability was assessed based on the effects of NaCl, storage, temperature, and pH. The NP were evaluated for their antifungal and antibacterial activities using disc diffusion, MTT assay for breast cancer, DPPH assay for antioxidant activity, and reverse transcription of RNA using PCR methods. The results were statistically assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). UV peaks at 462, 520, 250, and 260 nm confirmed the synthesis of Ag, Au, Co, and Fe, respectively. The average sizes of the Ag, Co, Au, and Fe NPs were 11.57, 80.3, 20.1, and 190.6 nm, respectively. The NPs exhibited stability under various concentrations of NaCl, as well as under different temperatures and pH levels, and remained stable during six months of storage. Ag-NPs exhibited the best antibacterial as well as antifungal among others NP's antibacterial activity was 17.4, 18.3, 14.9 and 18.4 mm against S. typhimurium, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli respectively. In terms of antifungal activity, Ag NPs exhibited the best activity, with diameters of 8.79 and 8.44 mm against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, respectively. The Ag NPs exhibited the best cytotoxic activity against cancer cells and potent radical-scavenging activity compared to the other NPs. Ag NPs modulated the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, including TP-53, caspase-3, caspase-9, and the anti-apoptotic gene MMP-9. © 2026, Assiut University. All rights reserved.
Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College Haripur, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
