Michael J. Gibney, Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa, Elise Line Mognard, Helda Khusan, Jean-Pierre Poulain, Apple Ducay, Marvin B. Toledo, Roselynne Anggraini, Judhiastuty Februhartanty, Sinéad Hopkins
The International Breakfast Research Initiative is a global study of breakfast nutrition, involving 17 countries in four continents, aiming to derive nutrient-based regional recommendations for breakfast. This study aimed to propose a harmonised recommendation for three South-East Asian countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. For each country, data from nationally representative dietary surveys on the contribution of breakfast to daily nutrient intakes at both the adult population level and at the level of the upper tertile of daily nutrient density using the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF) Index were collated and examined. Energy intakes at breakfast ranged from 26 to 27% of daily energy intake. In all three countries, breakfast was carbohydrate-rich, providing 52 to 72% of breakfast energy intake, while it was higher in total and saturated fat in Malaysia and Indonesia. Intakes of fibre and vitamin C were low in all countries, while Malaysia tended to have higher intakes of most minerals, including sodium. Daily and breakfast nutrient intakes (at the population level and in the upper tertile of the NRF Index) were compared to the Codex Alimentarius nutrient reference values (NRVs) to assess adequacy. A decision tree was established based on these data to guide the development of recommendations for nutrient intakes at breakfast across the three countries. © 2024 by the authors.
Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland; Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, Bicutan, 1631, Philippines; Chair “Food Studies: Food, Cultures & Health”, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia; Centre for Asian Modernisation Studies (CAMS), Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia; Faculty of Social Sciences and Leisure Management, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; Centre d’Études et de Recherche: Travail, Organisation, Pouvoir (CERTOP) UMR CNRS 5044, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, CEDEX 9, 31058, France; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof Dr HAMKA, Jakarta, 12130, Indonesia; Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON)—Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional (PKGR), Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 13120, Indonesia; Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, 60231, Indonesia; Cereal Partners Worldwide S.A., Lausanne, 1000, Switzerland
