Farhanna Mar’i, Ahmad Afif Supianto
Federated learning (FL) is an emerging approach to distributed learning from decentralized data, designed with privacy concerns in mind. FL has been successfully applied in several fields, such as the internet of things (IoT), human activity recognition (HAR), and natural language processing (NLP), showing remarkable results. However, the development of FL in real-world applications still faces several challenges. Recent optimizations of FL have been made to address these issues and enhance the FL settings. In this paper, we categorize the optimization of FL into five main challenges: communication efficiency, heterogeneity, privacy and security, scalability, and convergence rate. We provide an overview of various optimization frameworks for FL proposed in previous research, illustrated with concrete examples and applications based on these five optimization goals. Additionally, we propose two optional integrated conceptual frameworks (CFs) for optimizing FL by combining several optimization methods to achieve the best implementation of FL that addresses the five challenges. © 2025 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
Department of Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
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