Yan Watequlis Syaifudin, Asmaulail Husna, Triana Fatmawati, Ulla Delfana Rosiani, Alfiandi Aulia Rahmadani, Noprianto, Indrazno Siradjuddin, Pradini Puspitaningayu, Chandrasena Setiadi
Agriculture, essential to human civilization, faces rising demands as the global population nears 10 billion by 2050. To meet this sustainably, digital technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) are being adopted to enable smart farming through real-time monitoring and data-driven decisions. IoT helps track key parameters like soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels, improving efficiency in irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. However, many systems face challenges such as poor connectivity and sensor reliability, limiting their real-world effectiveness. This study presents an integrated IoT system for ground farming that combines sensors, microcontrollers, and cloud connectivity for remote monitoring. Deployed in a greenhouse, it successfully tracked growth conditions for multiple crops with a 96% data collection rate, up to 98% sensor accuracy, and stable 4G communication. While performance was strong, hardware issues suggest improvements in wireless connectivity, edge computing, automatic calibration, solar power, security, and predictive analytics using machine learning to enhance scalability and resilience. ©2025 IEEE.
Dept. of Information Technology State Polytechnic of Malang, Malang, Indonesia; Dept. of Infor. and Comm. Systems Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Dept. of Electrical Engineering State Polytechnic of Malang, Malang, Indonesia; Dept. of Electrical Engineering State University of Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
