Tri Setyo Guntoro, Sutoro, Nomia Pahabol, Yahya Eko Nopiyanto, Gerdha Kristina Ivony Numberi, Agus Zainuri, Evi Sinaga, Dewi Nurhidayah, Bayu Budi Prakoso, Miftah Fariz Prima Putra
This study aims to evaluate the factor structure of the short version of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (S-MTQ) in the Indonesian context and test measurement invariance based on gender (male vs. female) and status (athlete vs. non-athlete). A total of 710 people (Mage = 22.07 years; SD = 7.99) consisting of 490 (69.01%) males and 220 (30.99%) females; 476 (67.04%) athletes and 234 (32.96%) non-athletes were involved in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the factor structure of the short MTQ. The results showed that the unidimensional models tested, MTQ-18 and MTQ-10, were unfit. Therefore, a revision was carried out by removing items that had low loading factor values. The results of the revised Indonesian version (MTQid-6) found CFI = .983, TLI = .969, RMSEA = .052, and SRMR = .024, which indicated that the MTQid-6 unidimensional model was very satisfactory. MTQid-6 has a loading factor category ranging from good to very good (λ = .50 to .74). This validity is strengthened by convergent validity results, which show that MTQid-6 has a significant correlation with MTI, PPI-A, and APSQ (p < .001). The reliability analysis results show high internal consistency values, namely α = .762, ω = .763. Invariance testing found invariance at the configural, metric, and scalar levels (ΔCFI ≤ -.01, ΔRMSEA ≤ .015). With these results, MTQid-6 can be used to measure MT, both in athletes and non-athletes, in both males and females in the Indonesian population. © 2025 The Author(s)
Postgraduate School of Sport Education, Universitas Cenderawasih, Jayapura, Indonesia; Department of Physical Education, Universitas Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia; Department of Social Anthropology, Universitas Cenderawasih, Jayapura, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Universitas Cenderawasih, Jayapura, Indonesia; Department of Sport Sciences, Universitas Cenderawasih, Jayapura, Indonesia; Department of Sports Coaching Education, Universitas Cenderawasih, Jayapura, Indonesia; Department of Physical Education Sport and Health, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
