Miftahur Rohman, Titiek Suryani, Lusia Rakhmawati, Hesti Khuzaimah Nurul Yusufiyah, Nicolaus Andra Saputra, Thimoty Manuel Zefa Hutabarat, Estuarine Wahyu Lintang Pratiwi
Energy efficiency is a crucial aspect in the design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), especially for applications that require long-term operation with limited power. This study examines the influence of digital modulation type and noise level on Energy per Successful Bit Metric (ESBM)-based energy consumption in the data transmission process in WSN. The modulation schemes tested included BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK, 4-QAM, and 16-QAM, while noise was simulated at various levels with AWGN channel and path loss approaches. The ESBM value is calculated based on the probability of transmission success and the total energy used per data packet. The simulation results showed that the increase in noise level had a significant impact on the increase in ESBM values in all types of modulation, with high-order modulations such as 16-QAM and 4-QAM showing better energy efficiency than BPSK and QPSK under high noise conditions. To optimize the combination of system parameters that minimize ESBM, the Nelder-Mead Simplex heuristic method is used. This approach successfully identifies the optimal modulation and transmission power configurations, which significantly lowers the energy consumption per successfully received bit. This research provides a solid basis for the application of energy-efficient communication optimization strategies in channel-based adaptive WSN. © 2025 IEEE.
Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia; Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
