Prima R. Wikandari, Nuniek Herdyastuti, Tukiran, First A. Wati, Shod A. Dzulkarnain
Chronic inflammation and increased gluconeogenesis are key drivers of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Targeting these mechanisms could improve glycemic control and reduce diabetes-related complications. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of fermented single-bulb garlic (FSBG) paste as an alternative or adjunct treatment for T2DM. Using a rat model, we assessed the effects of FSBG (100, 200, 300 mg/kg) and metformin (9 mg/kg) on pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17) and gluconeogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase, pyruvate carboxylase). FSBG significantly reduced cytokine and enzyme levels (p < 0.001), with sustained effects observed two weeks post-treatment. These findings suggest that FSBG exerts both anti-inflammatory and anti-gluconeogenic actions, offering a promising natural alternative to conventional therapy. Further studies are warranted to confirm its long-term efficacy and optimize dosing strategies. © 2025 Wikandari et al.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, 60231, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, 60213, Indonesia
