Tareq Hamadneh, Belal Batiha, Oqlah Al-Refai, Aseel Smerat, Zeinab Montazeri, Mohammad Dehghani, Widi Aribowo, Enas Abdalhussein, Riyadh Kareem Jawad, Asaad Abdul Malik Madhloom Al-Salih, Mahmood Anees Ahmed, Ibraheem Kasim Ibraheem, Kei Eguchi
This paper introduces a novel metaheuristic optimization algorithm named the Negotiators Algorithm (NA), inspired by the human negotiation process. The algorithm simulates negotiation dynamics among candidate solutions, incorporating key behaviors such as conflict, mutual influence, concession, and consensus-building to guide the search process effectively toward global optima. To evaluate the performance of NA, a comprehensive simulation study was conducted using 23 well-established benchmark functions, including unimodal, high-dimensional multimodal, and fixed-dimensional multimodal test problems. The proposed algorithm was rigorously compared with nine recent and competitive metaheuristic algorithms. The experimental results demonstrate that NA consistently outperforms competing algorithms in terms of convergence speed, accuracy, and robustness, particularly on complex multimodal and high-dimensional landscapes. The boxplot analyses further confirm NA’s superior stability and reduced variance across trials. Due to its simplicity, adaptability, and parameter-free nature, NA represents a promising approach for tackling continuous optimization problems. This work not only proposes a novel optimization framework but also opens new directions for designing intelligent algorithms based on social and behavioral metaphors. Future research may explore theoretical convergence analysis, hybridization, and real-world applications in engineering and machine learning. © This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. License details: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Department of Mathematics, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan; Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Jadara University, Irbid, 21110, Jordan; Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zarqa University, Zarqa, 13132, Jordan; Faculty of Educational Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, Rajpura, 140401, India; Computer Technologies Engineering, Mazaya University College, Nasiriyah, Iraq; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, 7155713876, Iran; Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, East Java, Surabaya, 60231, Indonesia; Department of Cybersecurity and Cloud Computing, Technical Engineering, Uruk University, Baghdad, 10001, Iraq; Department of Medical Instrumentations Techniques Engineering, Al-Rasheed University College, Baghdad, 10001, Iraq; Department of Computer Engineering Techniques, Al-Nukhba University College, Baghdad, 10013, Iraq; Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Department College of medical techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10001, Iraq; Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10001, Iraq; Department of Information Electronics, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Japan
